Civil Law and Land Titles and Deeds — 2027 Bar syllabus

Civil Law and Land Titles and Deeds (20% of the 2027 Bar, Day 2 · Wednesday, 8 September 2027 · Morning): the syllabus with review notes for 327 topics.

• 1. Jurisdiction; Forum Non Conveniens
• d. Confusion
• H. Usufruct
• b. Conditional; Kinds of Conditions
• c. Acts Contrary to Morals, Good Customs, or Public Policy
• 1. Direct Tortfeasor
• 1. Nature, Form, and Kinds
• 2. Accion Publiciana
• c. Rights and Obligations Between Husband and Wife
• 4. Liquidated Damages
• i. Rights
• h. Doctrine of Renvoi
• a. Contract of Sale vs. Contract to Sell
• 2. Essential Requisites
• B. Contracts
• J. Conflict of Laws
• A. Required Entries
• d. Void and Inexistent Contracts
• e. Tortious Interference
• 2. Capacity to Succeed by Will or by Intestacy
• iii. Process
• 5. Disinheritance
• G. Judicial Decisions
• 2. Capacity to Buy or Sell
• b. Effects
• c. With a Period
• b. Right of Way
• a. Lex Nationalis vs. Lex Domicilii
• C. Other Quasi-contracts
• iii. Action to Impugn Legitimacy
• a. Further Restrictions for Minors (RA 11596)
• i. Who may Adopt
• ii. Grounds to Impugn Legitimacy
• I. Territoriality of Penal Laws
• C. Retroactivity of Laws
• 4. Support
• iv. Consensuality
• c. Lex Contractus
• 2. Nominal Damages
• A. Sales
• c. Cooperatives (RA 6938, as amended by RA 9520, Arts. 3, 4, 9, and 16)
• 3. Temperate or Moderate Damages
• i. Immediate Cause
• C. Torrens System
• 2. Choice of Law
• K. Modes of Acquiring Ownership
• (a) Ownership (PD 1067, Arts. 5–8)
• a. State Policy on Marriage
• ii. Mutuality
• B. Ownership
• i. Judicial vs. Extrajudicial Foreclosure
• 7. Installment Sales
• 4. Last Clear Chance
• 6. Legacies and Devises
• d. Earnest Money
• F. Defenses and Other Grounds Affecting Liability
• H. Non-registrable Properties (Civil Code, Art. 420)
• 3. Guaranty and Suretyship
• 2. Involuntary Dealings
• 3. Joint Tortfeasors
• 3. Civil Obligations
• 4. Liability Despite Absence of Fault or Negligence
• 9. Double Recovery
• c. Condonation
• c. Party Wall
• 5. Exemplary or Corrective Damages
• 7. Trusts
• 9. Equitable Mortgage
• 1. Nature
• B. Ignorance of the Law
• iv. Concurrent Cause
• 1. Concept
• b. Marital (Legitimate) and Nonmarital (Illegitimate) Children
• v. Safe Haven
• 1. Voluntary Dealings
• E. Judicial Confirmation of Imperfect Title (CA 141, Sec. 48, as amended by RA 11573)
• H. Legal Periods (EO 292, Book I, Ch. VIII, Sec. 31)
• a. Immovable Property
• B. Classification of Torts
• B. Cancellation and Correction of Entries (Rules of Court, Rule 108, Secs. 1–3; RA 9048, as amended by RA 10172)
• b. Obligations of the Depositary and of the Depositor
• 3. Accident or Fortuitous Event
• a. Definition and Essential Elements
• a. Definition
• f. Novation
• c. Right of First Refusal
• A. Classification of Property
• iv. Recovery of Legal Custody and Restoration of Parental Authority
• D. Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate Succession
• 2. Plaintiff’s Negligence as Immediate and Proximate Cause
• (b) Use (PD 1067, Arts. 13–16)
• 8. Conventional and Legal Redemption
• b. Voidable Contracts
• XII. Damages
• iv. Requisites for Valid Cancellation; Effect of Failure to Comply
• E. Co-Ownership (See also RA 4726, as amended by RA 7899)
• 4. Real Estate Mortgage
• 2. Persons Made Responsible for Others
• XI. Torts and Quasi-delicts
• a. Natural and Probable Consequences
• d. Alternative
• A. Principles
• I. Effect and Application of Laws
• e. Compensation
• V. Property, Ownership, and its Modifications
• 3. Voluntary Easements
• 3. Damages in Case of Death
• 6. Parental Authority
• i. Doctrine of Processual Presumption
• a. Breaches of Obligations; Remedies
• D. Negligence
• a. Relating to Waters
• 2. Acquisition (RA 6809)
• 3. Adoption and Care of Children
• C. Agency
• a. Personal Property
• 1. Loan
• i. Interest
• c. Distinguished from
• 4. Contributory Negligence
• 2. Order of Intestate Succession
• 2. Rights and Obligations of the Lessor and of the Lessee
• b. Corporations (RA 11232, Secs. 2, 4, and 18)
• 3. Human Relations
• 4. Collation
• 3. Effects of Loss of Thing Sold
• 1. General Provisions; Relationship; Right of Representation
• g. Lex Fori
• ii. Deficiency Judgment; Recovery of Deficiency
• a. Concepts
• C. Right of Accession
• C. Other Kinds of Damages
• D. Credit Transactions
• 2. Review of Decree of Registration
• 2. Solutio Indebiti
• 1. Standard of Care
• 2. Institution and Substitution of Heirs
• d. Light and View
• 3. Acceptance and Repudiation of the Inheritance
• B. Actual and Compensatory Damages
• 1. Nature and Form
• d. Lex Loci Celebrationis
• f. Divisible and Indivisible
• D. Quieting of Title
• c. Effect of Good Faith of the Payee
• 2. Validity of Marriages Celebrated Abroad
• a. Pure
• b. Acts Contrary to Law
• I. Easements
• 4. Obligations of the Vendor and of the Vendee
• 2. Nature and Effects of Obligations
• J. Nuisance
• ii. Computation of Installment Payments
• v. Obligatory Force
• 3. Efficient Intervening Cause
• b. Fundamental Principles
• 1. Intentional
• ii. Who may be Adopted
• a. Adverse Claims and Notice of Lis Pendens
• a. Abuse of Rights
• 7. Prescription
• A. Juridical Capacity
• 4. Damnum Absque Injuria
• b. Registration of Notice of Security Interest
• 2. Culpa aquiliana vs. Culpa contractual vs. Culpa criminal
• 1. General Provisions
• iv. Nature of Liability
• 1. Concept
• J. Assurance Fund
• 2. Obligations of the Agent and of the Principal
• a. The State and its Political Subdivisions
• a. Antenuptial Agreements or Marriage Settlements
• b. Mutuum
• ii. Indirect Liability for Intentional Acts
• X. Quasi-contracts
• b. Fortuitous Event
• E. Proximate Cause
• VIII. Obligations and Contracts
• 3. Restrictions
• 1. General Principles
• c. Unenforceable Contracts
• 3. Extinguishment
• 3. Form of Contracts
• b. Movable Property
• 2. Negligent
• B. Testamentary Succession
• d. Legal and Judicial Bonds
• iii. Rights Given to the Buyer on Installment
• b. Foreclosure (Rules of Court, Rule 68; Act 3135, as amended by Act 4118; RA 8791, Sec. 47)
• 1. Accion Interdictal
• 5. Family Home
• A. Marriage (Const., Art. II, Sec. 12, and Art. XV)
• B. Lease
• 6. Defective Contracts
• 1. Negotiorum Gestio
• a. Nature and Extent
• i. Citizenship
• b. Sources of Obligation
• 4. Natural Obligations
• E. Waiver
• 2. Juridical Persons
• a. Requisites and Characteristics
• 1. Occupation
• G. Actions to Recover Property
• e. Joint and Solidary
• a. Definition and Kinds
• 2. Deposit
• 3. Donation
• b. Patrimonial Property
• A. General Provisions
• 1. Moral Damages
• 1. General Concepts
• F. Repeal and Nullification of Laws; Operative Fact Doctrine
• iii. Remote Cause
• i. Quasi-delicts
• a. Property of Public Dominion
• 6. Estoppel
• 2. Conditions for Compensation
• 1. General Provisions
• 5. Personal Property Security (RA 11057)
• 1. Rectification of Simulated Birth Record (RA 11222)
• 4. Limitation of Action
• i. Water Resources
• v. Rescission
• 3. Sublease and Assignment
• 6. Double Sale
• A. Definition
• c. Extinguishment
• i. Autonomy
• 2. Selected Legal Easements
• d. Unjust Enrichment
• I. Dealings with Unregistered Lands
• a. Creation, Perfection, and Priority of Security Interest
• b. Specific Instances of Vicarious Liability
• 2. Presumptions of Negligence
• b. Essential and Formal Requisites of Marriage; Effects of Absence, Defect, or Irregularity
• 2. Cause vs. Condition
• 3. Conditional Testamentary Dispositions and Dispositions with a Term
• g. Obligations with a Penal Clause
• iii. Presumption of Negligence on Persons Indirectly Responsible
• 2. Tradition
• i. Express and Implied Novation
• 2. According to Ownership
• b. Loss of the Thing Due
• b. Lex Rei Sitae
• 1. Natural Persons
• b. Option Contract
• K. Reconstitution of Title (RA 26 and 6732)
• A. Obligations
• c. Real vs. Consensual Contracts
• 6. Property Relations between the Spouses
• b. Foreseeability
• A. General Considerations
• D. Original Registration
• 5. Assumption of Risk
• 3. Respondents in Action to Claim
• 1. Due Diligence
• 3. Mixed Marriages and Foreign Divorce
• iii. Relativity
• 5. Partition and Distribution of the Estate
• B. Kinds
• 8. Waiver
• ii. Rights
• 1. Concept and Elements of Quasi-Delict
• b. Mistake of Law as Basis for Solutio Indebiti
• f. Lex Loci Solutionis
• 1. Decree of Registration
• 2. Prohibition on Collateral Attack on Personal Status through Correction of Entries
• 2. Duty of Injured Party to Mitigate Damages
• b. Real Property (RA 6552)
• a. In General
• ii. Registration
• ii. Expromisión vs. Delegación
• c. Enforcement of Security Interest
• VI. Land Titles and Deeds (PD 1529, as amended by RA 6732 and 11573)
• 4. Prescription
• 1. Right of Accretion
• 5. Remedies of the Parties
• A. Regalian Doctrine (Const., Art. XII, Sec. 2)
• iii. Legal and Conventional Subrogation
• c. Property Regimes
• a. Rescissible Contracts
• a. Payment or Performance
• G. Medical Negligence and Malpractice
• 3. Accion Reivindicatoria
• F. Certificate of Title
• III. Family Relations (EO 209, as amended)
• i. Proof of Filiation
• IV. Civil Register
• VII. Succession
• iii. Adoption
• 1. General Provisions
• F. Possession
• C. Legal or Intestate Succession
• 1. Wills
• a. Commodatum
• 1. Presumption of Capacity to Act
• 2. Paternity, Filiation, and Legitimacy (RA 9255 and 9858)
• 5. Legal Separation
• iii. Right of Redemption vs. Equity of Redemption
• 4. Legitime
• e. Lex Loci Delicti
• c. Legitimated Children
• 1. According to Nature
• a. Distinguished from Accion In Rem Verso
• B. Nationality Restrictions on Land Ownership (Const., Art. XII, Secs. 7–8)
• 4. Void and Voidable Marriages
• 3. Innocent Purchaser for Value; Rights
• 4. Attorney’s Fees and Expenses of Litigation
• iv. Effects
• 4. Reformation of Instruments
• 5. Interpretation of Contracts
• i. Transactions Covered
• 3. Strict Liability
• A. When Laws Take Effect
• 6. Acts of Public Officers
• D. Mandatory and Prohibitory Laws
• ii. Intervening Cause
• b. Intercountry Adoption (RA 8043, as amended by RA 11642)
• b. Donation Propter Nuptias
• B. Family Relations
• B. Capacity to Act
• 1. General Provisions
• G. Subsequent Registration
• 3. Res Ipsa Loquitur
• 5. Extinguishment
• c. Property of Private Ownership