Remedial Law, Legal and Judicial Ethics, with Practical Exercises — 2027 Bar syllabus

Remedial Law, Legal and Judicial Ethics, with Practical Exercises (25% of the 2027 Bar, Day 3 · Sunday, 12 September 2027 · Afternoon): the syllabus with review notes for 515 topics.

• c. Supervision and Control of the Legal Profession (Const., Art. VIII, Sec. 5(5))
• C. Guardianship (Rules 92–97; See also AM 03-02-05-SC)
• 4. Use of Body-Worn Cameras (AM 21-06-08-SC)
• 4. Civil Liability Ex Delicto
• A. Concept
• J. Intervention (Rule 19)
• 8. Filing of Responsive Pleadings (Rule 11)
• c. Court of Tax Appeals (RA 1125, as amended by RA 9282)
• d. Interpretation of Documents
• 2. Kinds and Requisites
• D. Habeas Corpus (Rule 102; See also AM 03-04-04-SC)
• a. Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts in Cities, Municipal Trial Courts, and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts (BP 129, as amended by RA 7691 and 11576; Expedited Procedures [AM 08-8-7-SC])
• iii. Probable Cause
• (c) Minor or Incompetent Persons
• (a) Cadastral (PD 1529, Sec. 37)
• 2. Where Filed
• 4. Affirmative Defenses (Rule 8, Sec. 12)
• 2. Judicial Dispute Resolution
• 4. Cases for Mediation on the Civil Aspect
• 1. Examination of a Witness
• E. Amparo (AM 07-9-12-SC)
• d. Fidelity (Canon III)
• i. Names of the Accused and the Offended Party
• a. Regional Trial Courts (BP 129, as amended by RA 7691 and 11576)
• d. Issues Cognizable
• 3. Annulment of Judgment (Rule 47)
• 5. Properties Exempt from Execution
• 2. Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
• a. Definition
• 4. Voluntary Appearance
• h. Checkpoint Searches
• 2. Relief from Judgment (Rule 38)
• 5. Weight of Electronic Documents (AM 01-7-01-SC, Rule 7)
• 3. Contract of Sale or Lease
• f. Sanctions
• G. Hierarchy of Courts
• 11. Notarial Practice (AM 02-8-13-SC, as amended)
• d. Preventive Suspension
• 6. Suspension of Arraignment
• I. General Principles
• ii. Substituted
• a. Meaning of Authentication
• 1. Distinguished from Pleadings
• i. Mandatory vs. Voluntary Inhibition (See also Rule 137)
• v. Cybercrime Warrants (AM 17-11-03-SC)
• 2. Extrajudicial Foreclosure (Act 3135, as amended by Act 4118; AM 99-10-05-0, as amended)
• b. Capital Offense
• b. Appeal (See also DOJ DC 70 and 70-A, s. 2000, and DC 27, s. 2022)
• 9. Bill of Particulars (Rule 12)
• c. Substantial Evidence
• 6. Inquest
• E. Replevin (Rule 60)
• 1. Concept
• 3. Provisional Dismissal
• 2. Nonappearance at Pre-trial Conference
• a. Members of the Bar
• 2. Venue
• 3. Writ of Kalikasan
• 6. Primary Jurisdiction
• G. Change of Name (Rule 103)
• ii. Legal Aid (See also AM 22-11-01-SC)
• c. Special Agrarian Courts
• b. Purpose in Relation to Actions In Personam, In Rem, and Quasi In Rem
• b. Shari’ah Circuit Courts (PD 1083; RA 11054)
• g. Opinion Rule
• 3. Conditional Admissibility
• A. Concept
• B. Escheat (Rule 91)
• 2. Searching Inquiry
• 8. Complaint for Forcible Entry or Unlawful Detainer
• 2. Extrajudicial Settlement (Rule 74)
• 2. Issuance of the Writ
• (e) Cases under Expedited Procedure (AM 08-8-7-SC, Rule IV, Secs. 17–18)
• 2. Admission to the Bar (Rule 138, as amended by AM 24- 10-05-SC)
• P. Provisional Remedies in Criminal Cases (Rule 127)
• a. President, Vice President, Cabinet Members, their Deputies and Assistants (Const., Art. VII, Sec. 13)
• A. Nature and Purpose
• iv. Other Government Officials and Employees
• A. Classification of Actions
• IV. Provisional Remedies
• 8. Recognizance (RA 10389)
• i. Foreign Lawyers
• i. Nature
• 8. Duties and Responsibilities of Lawyers (CPRA)
• 5. Control of Prosecution
• 3. Who May Prosecute; Crimes that Cannot be Prosecuted De Oficio
• ii. Purchase of Property in Litigation (See also Civil Code, Art. 1491(5))
• 2. Conclusive Presumptions
• a. Search Warrant
• F. Support Pendente Lite (Rule 61)
• b. Powers and Limitations
• b. Fresh Period Rule
• F. Habeas Data (AM 08-1-16-SC)
• (b) After Separation from Public Office (RA 6713, Sec. 7(b), last par.)
• iv. Place and Date of Commission of the Offense
• 1. Object or Real Evidence
• i. Interest in Object of Litigation or Transaction (See also Civil Code, Art. 1491(5))
• 3. Dissolution of Attachment
• 2. Special Power of Attorney
• a. Preamble; General Provisions
• 2. Warrantless Arrest, When Lawful
• a. Court of Appeals (BP 129, as amended by RA 7902)
• 9. Discipline and Disbarment of Lawyers (Canon VI)
• a. Rights and Obligations of a Witness
• a. Preamble; General Provisions
• J. Pre-trial (Rule 118)
• d. Public Documents as Evidence
• H. Dismissal (Rule 17)
• c. Exclusive and Concurrent
• e. Previous Conduct as Evidence
• 4. Effect of Illegal Search and Seizure
• ii. Letters Testamentary (Rules 78–79)
• ii. Conclusiveness of Judgment
• 1. Preliminary Injunction vs. Temporary Restraining Order vs. Status Quo Ante Order
• R. Judgments and Final Orders
• ii. Not Subject to Desistance or Compromise
• 3. Service
• b. General and Special
• A. Legal Ethics (CPRA)
• 4. Improvident Plea
• 3. Use of Body-Worn Cameras (AM 21-06-08-SC)
• 1. Stages of Expropriation
• i. Bar by Prior Judgment
• c. Fidelity (Canon II)
• e. Propriety (Canon IV)
• 3. Application for Bail in Capital Offenses
• 5. Factum Probans vs. Factum Probandum
• 1. Definition of Evidence
• O. Search and Seizure (Rule 126)
• 6. Complaint or Information
• a. Nature
• iii. Extraterritorial
• F. Bail (Rule 114)
• A. Criminal Jurisdiction
• B. Preliminary Attachment (Rule 57)
• 4. Adherence of Jurisdiction
• 3. Judicial Settlement
• (b) Prisoners
• B. Rulemaking Power of the Supreme Court
• b. Membership Dues
• I. Motion to Quash (Rule 117)
• 3. Offer and Objection
• 5. Bill of Particulars
• 1. Grounds
• 1. Issuance
• f. Executory Nature of Decision or Resolution
• C. Acquired Jurisdiction
• 6. Default (Rule 9, Sec. 3)
• ii. Sanggunian Members (RA 7160, Sec. 90(b))
• (a) Entity without Juridical Personality
• iii. Retired Judges and Justices (RA 910, as amended by RA 9946)
• D. Venue (Rule 4)
• d. Bar Examinations
• 2. Remedy When Accused is Not Brought to Trial Within the Time Limit
• D. Applicability of Procedural Laws to Pending Actions
• F. Quo Warranto (Rule 66)
• c. Alias Summons
• B. Judicial Notice and Judicial Admissions (Rule 129)
• 6. Reopening of Proceedings
• c. Tender of Excluded Evidence
• i. Law Student Practitioners (Rule 138-A, Secs. 1–5, as amended by AM 19-03-24-SC)
• N. Modes of Discovery (Rules 23–29)
• 6. Remedy When Denied
• 1. Effect of Waiver or Compromise
• 1. Immutability of Final Judgments; Exceptions
• A. Concept and Nature of Remedial Law
• 7. Amended and Supplemental Pleadings (Rule 10)
• 1. Bail as a Matter of Right vs. Matter of Discretion
• G. Expropriation (Rule 67; RA 10752, as amended by RA 12289)
• c. Intestate – Letters of Administration (Rules 78–79)
• C. Admissibility
• 4. Positive and Negative Evidence
• B. Prosecution of Offenses (Rule 110)
• 4. Discharge of Accused to be State Witness (See also RA 6981)
• L. Subpoena (Rule 21)
• 3. Uniformity of Evidentiary Rules
• 1. Dismissal upon Notice by Plaintiff; Two-dismissal Rule
• 1. New Trial or Reconsideration (Rule 37)
• a. Original and Appellate
• 1. Burden of Proof vs. Burden of Evidence
• 2. Distinguished from Exercise of Jurisdiction
• H. Arraignment and Plea (Rule 116)
• 3. Conditional Examination of Prosecution or Defense Witness
• a. Original Documents
• 10. Filing and Service (Rules 13 and 13-A, as amended; AM 10-3-7-SC, 11-9-4-SC, 25-01-13-SC, and 25-09-16-SC)
• c. Notarial Register
• B. Cause of Action (Rule 2)
• 4. Determination by the Prosecutor
• iii. Rules on the Use of Social Media
• 2. Execution as a Matter of Right vs. Matter of Discretion
• 3. Reservation, Suspension, and Waiver
• 3. Guilty Plea
• i. Allowance or Disallowance of Will (Rules 76– 77)
• c. Duplicity of the Offense
• h. Character Evidence
• a. Nonappearance of Accused
• 2. Personal and Real
• ii. Parties and their Agents in Certain Proceedings
• b. Testate – Probate Proceedings
• j. Searches of Public Transportation
• E. Kinds (Rule 130)
• 1. Direct vs. Indirect Contempt
• b. Judicial Non-interference
• 10. Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools (Governance Framework on the Use of Human-Centered Augmented Intelligence in the Judiciary [AM 25-11-28-SC]; Principles for the Ethical and Responsible Development, Deployment, and Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Government [DICT-CSC Joint Memorandum Circular No. 003, s. 2026])
• 8. Withdrawal of Information
• a. Coverage
• b. Competency
• f. Payment of Debts of the Estate (Rule 88)
• a. Scope and Definitions
• a. Penalties
• 1. Effect of Denial, Grant, and Reversal on Appeal
• T. Execution, Satisfaction, and Effect of Judgments (Rule 39)
• i. Subjects of Appeal and Review
• J. Environmental Cases (AM 09-6-8-SC)
• 2. Over the Issues
• b. Discipline and Dismissal of Judges of Lower Courts (Const., Art. VIII, Secs. 6 and 11)
• H. Cancellation or Correction of Civil Registry Entries (Rule 108)
• 2. Immediate Possession of Expropriated Land
• e. Customs Search
• i. Business Records made by Electronic, Optical, or Similar Means (AM 01-7-01-SC, Rule 8)
• B. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
• 1. Supreme Court (Const., Art. VIII)
• 5. Presumption Against Accused in Criminal Cases
• 7. Effect of Absence of Preliminary Investigation
• c. Propriety (Canon II)
• ii. Requisites for Issuance
• 4. Guidelines in Fixing Amount
• 2. Litigious and Non-litigious Motions
• iv. Motion to Quash Warrant or Suppress Evidence
• 5. Prohibitions and Restrictions on the Practice of Law
• c. Judicial Affidavit Rule (AM 12-8-8-SC)
• d. Consented Warrantless Search
• L. Judgment (Rule 120)
• g. Competence and Diligence (Canon VI)
• 2. Documentary Evidence
• 4. First-level Courts
• C. Parties to Civil Actions (Rule 3)
• 5. Selected Specially Designated Courts
• c. Search of a Moving Vehicle
• b. Nonmembers of the Bar
• G. Rights of Accused (Rule 115)
• 7. Effect of Judgments or Final Orders
• 5. Prejudicial Question
• b. Shari’ah District Courts (PD 1083; RA 11054)
• c. Testimonial Privilege
• d. Claims Against Estate (Rule 86)
• b. Disqualification of Witnesses
• C. Preliminary Injunction (Rule 58)
• d. Effect of Levy on Third Persons
• 1. Grounds for Issuance
• e. Governors and Mayors (RA 7160, Sec. 90(a))
• 2. Direct and Circumstantial Evidence
• 1. Temporary Environmental Protection Order (TEPO)
• 1. Arrest by Virtue of a Warrant; Requisites for Issuance
• a. Judgments In Rem and Quasi In Rem
• D. Review of Commission on Elections and Commission on Audit Judgments and Final Orders or Resolutions (Rule 64)
• 4. Proof vs. Evidence
• b. Execution of Judgments for Money, for Specific Act, and of Special Judgments
• f. Hearsay Rule; Exceptions
• b. Members of the Constitutional Commissions (Const., Art. IX-A, Sec. 2)
• (a) With Permission from Head of Agency (CSC Reso. No. 2500358, Sec. 138)
• c. Ombudsman and Deputies (Const., Art. XI, Sec. 8)
• 2. Multiple Admissibility
• i. Appeal from MTC to RTC (Rule 40)
• F. Burden of Proof and Presumptions (Rule 131)
• 2. Parts and Contents (Rule 7)
• 3. Prohibited Motions
• b. General Principles
• i. Personal
• 10. Motion to Participate Through Videoconferencing (AM 24-11-02- SC, Sec. 5)
• 4. Presumptions in Civil Actions and Proceedings
• H. Foreclosure of Real Estate Mortgage (Rule 68; RA 8791, Sec. 47)
• 2. Contents
• J. Forcible Entry and Unlawful Detainer (Rule 70)
• 4. Deed of Extrajudicial Settlement of Estate
• b. Independence (Canon I)
• 2. Warrantless Search
• d. Unified Legal Aid Service (AM 22-11-01-SC)
• C. Declaratory Relief and Similar Remedies (Rule 63)
• 1. Requisites (Rule 128, Secs. 3–4)
• 1. Practice of Law
• d. Justices, Judges, and Court Employees (CJCA, Canon IV, Secs. 16 and 19; 2025 Code of Conduct and Accountability for Court Officials and Personnel, AM 25-06-11-SC, Canon II, Secs. 8–9)
• b. Categories of Object Evidence
• i. Nonpenal; Public Welfare Measure
• i. Responsible Use of Social Media
• 1. Purpose of Arraignment
• a. Who may be Witnesses (See also AM 00-4-07-SC)
• 3. Privileges
• 1. Trial In Absentia
• 5. Judicial Affidavit
• a. Nature of Bar Discipline Proceedings
• I. Pre-trial (Rule 18; AM 03-1-09-SC)
• b. Institution of Bar Discipline Proceedings
• D. Preliminary Investigation (Rule 112, partly repealed by AM 24- 02-09-SC; Department of Justice [DOJ] DC 15 and 28, s. 2024)
• a. Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt
• 4. Writ of Continuing Mandamus
• a. Relevance; Collateral Matters
• 7. Cancellation and Forfeiture
• g. Delinquent Lawyers due to MCLE Noncompliance (BM 850, October 2, 2001, Rules 12–13)
• V. Special Civil Actions
• vi. Search Warrants in State Detention Facilities
• a. Remedy Against Denial
• iii. Cause of the Accusation
• b. Objection to Evidence
• K. Contempt (Rule 71)
• 3. Error of Jurisdiction vs. Error of Judgment
• i. Teaching (AM 13-05-05-SC)
• 3. When Execution Shall Issue
• v. Appeal by Certiorari to SC (Rule 45)
• 6. Privileges of a Lawyer
• (h) Defendant Whose Identity or Location are Unknown
• i. Use of Artificial Intelligence (Secs. 5–6; See also AM 25-11-28-SC)
• a. Special Commercial Courts
• ii. Appeal from RTC (Rule 41)
• g. Sales, Mortgages, and Other Encumbrances of Estate Property (Rule 89)
• b. Special Cybercrime Courts
• f. Equality (Canon V)
• (f) Foreign Private Juridical Entity
• 2. Variance Between Allegation and Proof
• (b) Labor (Labor Code, Art. 228)
• a. Definition and Nature (Canon III, Sec. 1)
• H. Doctrine of Judicial Stability (Non-Interference)
• A. General Provisions and Principles (Rule 128)
• a. Mandatory Continuing Legal Education (MCLE)
• 4. How a Judgment is Executed
• d. Jurisdiction and Place of Notarization
• i. Airport and Seaport Security Searches
• C. Prosecution of Civil Action (Rule 111)
• d. Rule on DNA Evidence (AM 06-11-5-SC)
• 4. Curative Admissibility
• e. Modes
• 3. How Rendered (Rule 36)
• a. Motion to Reopen or for Reinvestigation
• b. Independence (Canon I)
• 3. Allegations (Rule 8)
• X. Practical Exercises
• 1. Judicial Foreclosure
• i. Senators and Members of the House of Representatives (Const., Art. VI, Sec. 14)
• 4. Dismissal with Prejudice vs. without Prejudice
• f. Equality (Canon V)
• G. Presentation of Evidence (Rule 132)
• 2. Liberal Construction of the Rules on Evidence
• h. Distribution and Partition of the Estate (Rule 90)
• e. Burden of Proof and Quantum of Evidence
• 7. Unauthorized Practice of Law
• O. Trial (Rule 30)
• e. Revised Lawyer’s Oath
• E. Suppletory Application of the Rules of Court in Administrative Bodies
• I. Clerical Error (RA 9048, as amended by RA 10172)
• D. Receivership (Rule 59)
• 5. Demurrer to Evidence
• c. Noncapital Offense
• G. Provisional Deposit (Rule 135, Secs. 5(g) and 6; Guerrero Estate Dev. Corp. v. Leviste & Guerrero Realty Corp., G.R. No. 253428)
• II. Jurisdiction
• d. Duty of Counsel of Record
• a. By Motion or Independent Action
• 2. Statutory Collegiate Courts
• d. Amendment and Substitution
• c. Professional Tax (RA 7160, Sec. 139)
• g. Resumption of Practice of Law after Suspension
• 2. Effect of Estoppel
• 2. Who May Conduct (RA 10071)
• (e) Domestic Private Juridical Entity
• 1. Ordinary and Special
• 6. Proceedings Where Property is Claimed by Third Persons
• iii. Petition for Review from RTC to CA (Rule 42)
• b. A Privilege, Not a Right
• VII. Criminal Procedure
• E. Pleadings
• a. By Whom Issued
• c. Charges and Sanctions
• (c) Agrarian Reform (RA 6657, Sec. 50, as amended by RA 9700, Sec. 18)
• 3. Method of Arrest
• 1. Requisites of a Valid Judgment
• A. Settlement of Estate of Deceased Persons
• h. Suspended Lawyers
• 3. When Not Required
• c. Perfection of Appeal
• d. Admissions and Confessions
• iv. Upon Specific Persons and Entities
• 2. Independent Civil Actions
• I. Partition (Rule 69)
• c. Impeachment of Members of the Supreme Court (Const., Art. XI, Sec. 2)
• c. Good Moral Character
• 1. Nature and Purpose
• b. Res Judicata
• 3. Disputable Presumptions
• (g) Public Corporations
• b. Secondary Evidence
• VI. Special Proceedings and Writs
• (d) Katarungang Pambarangay (RA 7160, Sec. 415)
• e. Return
• 1. Court-Annexed Mediation (See also AM 24-02-06-SC)
• b. Sandiganbayan (PD 1606, as amended by RA 10660)
• P. Consolidation or Severance (Rule 31)
• N. Appeal (Rule 122)
• 5. Waiver of Objections to Irregularity
• e. Competence and Diligence (Canon IV)
• 5. Bail-Negating Circumstances
• 3. Just Compensation
• B. Judicial Ethics (CJCA)
• 3. Promulgation of Judgment
• f. Proof
• E. Certiorari, Prohibition, and Mandamus (Rule 65)
• 1. Rights of Accused at Trial
• a. Judicial Accountability and Disciplinary Proceedings (Canon VII)
• b. Periods for Filing
• B. Interpleader (Rule 62)
• iv. Appeal from Quasi-judicial Agencies to CA (Rule 43)
• b. Preponderance of Evidence
• b. Citizenship
• 4. Limited Legal Practice or Representation
• c. Quantum of Evidence: Prima Facie Evidence with Reasonable Certainty of Conviction
• 3. In Rem, In Personam, and Quasi In Rem
• ii. Designation of the Offense; Qualifying and Aggravating Circumstances
• 3. Second-level Courts
• 1. Standards of Ethical Conduct of Judges and Justices
• 4. Intervention of Private Offended Party
• a. Qualifications and Term
• 3. Continuing Requirements for Membership in the Bar
• e. Competent Evidence of Identity
• b. Sufficiency
• e. Proof of Official Record
• 1. Search and Seizure by Virtue of a Warrant
• 2. Summary Judgments (Rule 35)
• Q. Demurrer to Evidence (Rule 33)
• d. Clear and Convincing Evidence
• M. New Trial or Reconsideration (Rule 121)
• 7. Continuous Trial (AM 15-06-10-SC)
• 1. Scope and Definitions
• (i) Residents Temporarily Out of the Philippines
• E. Barangay Conciliation (RA 7160, Secs. 408–412)
• c. Foreign Judgments
• c. Parol Evidence
• M. Computation of Time (Rule 22)
• 1. Standards
• 2. Authentication and Proof of Documents
• f. Stop and Frisk
• 5. Appeal and Review
• ii. Matters Not Appealable
• b. Classes of Documents
• a. Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest
• f. Signing in the Roll of Attorneys
• 1. Over the Parties
• IX. Legal and Judicial Ethics
• a. Summary Settlement (Rule 74)
• g. Electronic Notarization (AM 24-10-14-SC)
• G. Motions (Rule 15)
• iii. Confidential
• b. When Accused Dies
• e. Actions Involving Executors and Administrators (Rule 87)
• 3. Over the Res or Property in Litigation
• (f) Arbitration (RA 9285, Secs. 22 and 33)
• 4. Collateral Attack on Judgments
• d. Impartiality (Canon III)
• b. Child Witness (AM 00-4-07-SC)
• 3. Testimonial Evidence
• e. Electronic Evidence (AM 01-7-01-SC)
• F. Classification of Philippine Courts
• a. When Accused is Acquitted
• 6. Verification and Certification Against Forum Shopping
• 3. Pre-trial Order
• 9. Motion for Authority to Litigate as Indigent
• 5. Effect of Failure to Plead (Rule 9, Secs. 1 and 2)
• 3. Dismissal Due to Fault of Plaintiff
• C. Construction of Procedural Rules
• a. Requisites for Admissibility
• H. Taking of Evidence under the Hague Evidence Convention (AM 25-02-17-SC)
• a. In BP 22 Cases
• f. Other Government Officials and Employees (RA 6713, Sec. 7(b)(2))
• (d) Spouses
• g. Exigent and Emergency Circumstances
• S. Post-judgment Remedies
• b. Modes
• 5. Residual Jurisdiction
• 2. Dismissal upon Motion by Plaintiff; Effect on Counterclaim
• 1. Venue and Process (Rule 73)
• 1. Kinds (Rule 6)
• i. Family Courts (RA 8369)
• 5. Remedies from Investigator’s Action
• 1. Classifications
• b. Plain View Doctrine
• K. Trial (Rule 119)
• c. Requisites Before Demolition Order is Issued
• b. Execution of Search Warrant
• D. Weight and Sufficiency (Rule 133)
• 7. Petition for Issuance of Writ of Habeas Corpus
• c. Chain of Custody
• 2. Requisites
• a. Legal Education (See also RA 7662)
• K. Calendar of Cases (Rule 20)
• VIII. Evidence
• 2. Custodial Investigation Rights (RA 7438)
• 3. Competent and Credible Evidence
• 4. Omnibus Motion
• h. Clemency
• a. By Whom Effected
• 2. Accountability of Members of the Judiciary
• F. Summons (Rule 14)
• 7. How Jurisdiction is Determined and Conferred
• 1. Implied Institution of Civil Action Ex Delicto
• (a) Guidelines on Service under the Hague Service Convention (AO 101-2024)
• 1. Institution of Criminal Action; Effect on Prescriptive Period
• 2. Double Jeopardy
• 1. Demand Letter
• III. Civil Procedure
• 3. Distinguished from Venue
• a. Lesser Offense
• 1. Pre-trial Agreement
• c. Authentication of Private Writings
• a. When Evidence Offered
• 2. Use, Effect, and Admissibility of Evidence Taken Abroad
• E. Arrest (Rule 113)
• 1. Judgment on the Pleadings (Rule 34)
• D. Jurisdiction of Philippine Courts