I. Basic Concepts

Basic Concepts: Philippine Interests Beyond National Waters

Philippine law addresses matters extending beyond national waters. The Fisheries Code declares a policy of rational and sustainable management and conservation of fishery resources in Philippine waters, including the exclusive economic zone, and in the adjacent high seas, while maintaining ecological balance. ¹ It also declares a policy of limiting access to Philippine fishery and aquatic resources to Filipino citizens. ¹

Judicial review remains subject to threshold requirements even when a dispute raises questions of public importance. In Paa v. Sangguniang Panlungsod NG Manila, G.R. No. 262192, 3 June 2026, the Supreme Court held that an actual case or controversy is indispensable and that a petitioner must show a personal and substantial interest involving direct injury; mootness may also bar relief. ²